US V 1.3 Calibration Results to Date
Before we break into the data, we'd like to establish a bit of nomenclature for clarification. This experiment is being carried out in V 1.3 cells, however it is using V 2.0 protocol. This may be an important distinction in the future, so we'd like to be clear now. Remember that in V 1.0 the first two versions of replication cells were in H2 atmosphere whereas the key distinction in protocol V 2.0 is the ~1 mBar dynamic vacuum.
We've power-cycled both active (A) and control (B) cell NiCr wire with independent power supplies using the same control script. Also remember that neither of these cells have Celani wire installed yet. Luckily the power steps only rise to a 25W max in 5W steps with 1hr time constant, so we can finish a complete cycle in ~5 hours and it doesn't take too long to really narrow our confidence interval.
That being said, running 6 calibration cycles has cut the confidence margin roughly in half as we doubled from 3 cycles. The environment is relatively static but not perfect, so we're unsure of how much this margin will improve with more cycles. We mentioned in an earlier post that the direct flow of air from inlet window to vacuum hood easily tainted our validity, but this offset has been fixed with a polycarbonate spoiler on the inlet window to disperse the current. It wasn't really exciting enough to warrant a photograph.
Below is the table of calibration data. The values in bold represent the power margins that we must exceed to suggest anomalous energy in our active cell. Cell A's calibration results are displayed above Cell B's at 95% confidence to the left and 99% to the right. It's also important to note that T_Ext Rise values are the difference of the external glass temperature above the ambient. This is all just a refresher (plus we're trying to make blogs a little more lay-person friendly).
Cell A | Cell A | |||||||||||
Input Power (W) | T1_Ext1 Rise (°C) | 95% CI (°C) | 95% CI as Percent | Degrees/Watt | 95% CI (W) | Input Power (W) | T1_Ext1 Rise (°C) | 99% CI (°C) | 99% CI as Percent | Degrees/Watt | 99% CI (W) | |
0.00 | -0.14 | 0.14 | -100.80 | -74.14 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.14 | 0.23 | -158.08 | -74.14 | 0.00 | |
5.00 | 15.61 | 0.27 | 1.75 | 3.12 | 0.09 | 5.00 | 15.61 | 0.43 | 2.74 | 3.12 | 0.14 | |
10.00 | 30.93 | 0.36 | 1.18 | 3.09 | 0.12 | 10.00 | 30.93 | 0.57 | 1.85 | 3.09 | 0.18 | |
15.00 | 44.79 | 0.56 | 1.26 | 2.99 | 0.19 | 15.00 | 44.79 | 0.89 | 1.98 | 2.99 | 0.30 | |
20.00 | 57.16 | 0.69 | 1.21 | 2.86 | 0.24 | 20.00 | 57.16 | 1.08 | 1.90 | 2.86 | 0.38 | |
25.00 | 68.65 | 0.91 | 1.33 | 2.75 | 0.33 | 25.00 | 68.65 | 1.43 | 2.09 | 2.75 | 0.52 | |
|
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Cell B | Cell B | |||||||||||
Input Power (W) | T2_Ext1 Rise (°C) | 95% CI (°C) | 95% CI as Percent | Degrees/Watt | 95% CI (W) | Input Power (W) | T2_Ext1 Rise (°C) | 99% CI (°C) | 99% CI as Percent | Degrees/Watt | 99% CI (W) | |
0.00 | -0.08 | 0.13 | -152.39 | -43.97 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.08 | 0.20 | -238.99 | -43.97 | 0.00 | |
5.00 | 14.27 | 0.39 | 2.72 | 2.85 | 0.14 | 5.00 | 14.27 | 0.61 | 4.26 | 2.85 | 0.21 | |
10.00 | 28.14 | 0.58 | 2.05 | 2.81 | 0.20 | 10.00 | 28.14 | 0.90 | 3.21 | 2.81 | 0.32 | |
15.00 | 40.78 | 0.83 | 2.03 | 2.72 | 0.30 | 15.00 | 40.78 | 1.30 | 3.19 | 2.72 | 0.48 | |
20.00 | 52.00 | 0.85 | 1.63 | 2.60 | 0.33 | 20.00 | 52.00 | 1.33 | 2.55 | 2.60 | 0.51 | |
25.00 | 62.46 | 0.86 | 1.37 | 2.50 | 0.34 | 25.00 | 62.46 | 1.35 | 2.15 | 2.50 | 0.54 |
We can reasonably operate with the 95% CI and call anything above a third of a Watt excess energy, but there will always be elusive contributors to error that reduce this interval even further. Bearing this in mind, a 99% CI is our preferred standard, and we have a ~0.5W resolution in its widest margin. We think we could do better.
The best answer right now is to make changes to the hood and surrounding environment to make conditions a little more constant. Our first step is to pull down the hood sash to eliminate sporadic eddies in air current. We are certainly open to more practical suggestions. What do you think?
This is the exact reason we're making moves to improve our calorimetry! The explicit goal is to better insulate the cell from ambient.
Our next step will be to gather SEM images of Celani wires before installing them in the V 1.3 cells.
Thanks for reading!
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Nice work.
This graph from accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/e06/PAPERS/THPCH073.PDF suggests that the copper bands are reflecting most of the IR from the cell interior, resulting in a lower measured temperature:
If this is true, the measurement would potentially change over time as the copper oxidizes in air. Some darkening can be seen in the photos recently posted. To correct this, the copper bands should be given a black oxide treatment like Ebanol C, yielding lower reflectivity:
A heat-resistant paint or even treatment with liver of sulfur might be enough to reduce this possible error.
Yes they are sitting at room temp and below atmospheric pressure. Our plans for these cells would include analyzing the celani wire with our SEM. That is all we have planned right now.
As far as your idea for and experiment goes, we will have to figure out the priorities on these cells. It may be that the leak is so small that we wouldn't be able to see the bubbles. That is, if the rate of leakage is smaller than the rate of diffusion into the water. I will put the idea on the list!
We haven't written up what we know from this last experiment, but that is on our list as well :). We know now the sensitivity of the sensors to ambient changes like air current and absolute temp. We also know that the sensor placement is key and that the vertical orientation is not ideal. We saw that the pressure and gas composition inside the cell makes a difference in the readings. Other observations are welcome for the official write up!
There is a difference in the contact to the outer glass temp between the US and the EU cells. Here in the US we are using the copper bands (all are the same dimensions) and the tip of the TC is in the same spot, but mirrored, on each of the cells.
In Europe, Mathieu is using carbon sticky dots to keep the TC adhered to the outside glass.
We are using the same glass and other mechanical parts. The outer temp sensors are the only difference between the cells.
We are going to use the outside or exterior TC 1. This is the TC in the middle of the cell, horizontally.
As far as the difference goes, we are working with Mathieu to find why his exterior TCs are noisy. More updates will follow on that situation.
I see that you pulled the plug on the 2 1.0 cells (macor and mica). Are they just sitting at room temp now with the less than 1atm of H2?
I'm still very curious about the H2 leak. Is it possible to design a passive experiment with one of the cells that's not be used? Pump it up with H2 and put it into a tank of water and watch for bubbles? It works for inner tubes :)
We've spent many hours over the last 5 months watching the data from these two cells. What is it that we learned from this?
CellA CellB
-US (138 138)
-EU (198 199)
But the external glass temps are different, even though you have ruled out any ambient differences(for the US cell atleast).
-US ( 86 79)
-EU (103 110 )
Tamb is 27 for EU and 31/31 for US
These temps are at times 04-18 17:00 for both EU&US
How come there is a difference in temperatures?
Is there different types/thickness of the glass that contributes to different IR absorbtion? Or is the copper band that holds the sensors of different size?
Btw, are you planning to use the mica temp or the external temp for measuring output power?
Even though you are going to compare each cell to itself it would be good for the validity of this experiment to identify the reason for this difference.
Yes it does have active control. Pictures will be released soon on the temperature control box around the cells. We have noticed this problem. The box uses a space heater and its' built in fan. Air may not be flowing fast enough to take the heat created by the cell out as exhaust, more updates to come as we know.
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