Doppelgänger

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I intuited that we needed to pass electricity through the fuel last year and told as much to me356 - I advise discharge or a central electrode.

Perhaps people missed it at the start of my Doppelgänger video, but my thinking has advanced somewhat following a lecture by Christian Amatore at Aarhus

www.electrochem.org/amatore

He was discussing Pt in chemical reaction catalysis and said that a catalyst cannot return to its original state (where it has the ability to facilitate the reaction) by heat. Instead you must apply some form or electrons or light.

In the case of electrolytic cells, the application of electricity is a given, in the case of glow or spark discharge, again it is there in abundance. In the case of laser stimulated reactions, such as those by Cravens, you have the light. But what of the Lugano / *GlowStick* series?

In the case of the Lugano reactor, there are three parallel phases - now Alan re-discovered that Alumina progressively becomes a conductor as the temperature rises - this is why I made recommendations to me356. With 3 phases and pulsed energy you can have a differential of 240 X Sqrt3 differential I think (may be wrong) between the phases, and so that would create some electrical power through the fuel - if how ever the 3 phase was configured as a star - with the neutral in the middle of the fuel, then there would readily be electricity passing though the fuel.

So what of the *GlowStick* type cells? In one of my videos, I showed that the peak IR was around 900ºC, after that we start to move into the visible spectrum. For Visible, read "light" so whilst there is no appreciable electricity possible though the alumina in a GS, there is more and more light above 900ºC, could this be why we appear to see the effect take off at the highest temperatures?

@Arnaud @Hank Mills @Bob Higgins

Thinking about possible contaminants... . Nickel grains were "supported" on a small amount of kieselguhr, i.e. inert silica, aka diatomaceous earth. Minimal alumina content, plus some iron perhaps. Reactor was stainless steel (Fe, Ni, Cr) but runaways typically occurred within the bulk of the macro-porous nickel.

When I said the reactor was purged, that was with a vacuum (~1 mm Hg IIRC), filled with nitrogen, vacuumed again & then filled with hydrogen, prior to the in-situ reduction procedure. Reactor was also purged afterwards with nitrogen and then thoroughly with air before being opened for inspection.

Thank you Fredrick for all this informations.

Quoting Arnaud:

Thank you for the answers. The contaminant could be in very low quantity to start a runaway event. The contaminant could come from element present inside the reactor. The awaiting time tell us that it takes time to prepare the Ni to start the LENR in your case (if it is related to a LENR event) I've a last question. How did you heat the reactor ? Electrical heaters ? Arnaud

@Arnaud
I agree with you saying that there could possibly have been a contaminant at the level of 10 ppm magnitude. However, runaways frequently occurred during perfectly steady state operation, e.g. at night. Reactor was heated electrically with adjustable AC voltage from tapped rheostats (1970's!).

I am not claiming this was LENR but I am saying it was pure (carbonyl) nickel behaving very oddly in the presence of electrolytic Hydrogen, lots of Ammonia and some Alcohol plus Water.

Controlling the temperature (by removing heat fast enough when necessary) would have required a very thin wafer type design reactor with large heat sinks and external heating.